Biography of José Santos Zelaya

Biography of Josà © Santos Zelaya Josà © Santos Zelaya (1853-1919) was a Nicaraguan dictator and president from 1893 to 1909. His record is a mixed one: the country progressed in terms of railroads, communications, commerce, and education, but he was also a tyrant who jailed or assassinated his critics and stirred up rebellions in neighboring nations. By 1909 his enemies had multiplied enough to drive him from office, and he spent the rest of his life in exile in Mexico, Spain, and New York. Early Life Josà © was born into a wealthy family of coffee growers. They were able to send Josà © to the best schools, including some in Paris, which was quite the fashion for young Central Americans of means. Liberals and Conservatives were feuding at the time, and the country was ruled by a series of Conservatives from 1863 to 1893. Josà © joined a Liberal group and soon rose to a position of leadership. Rise to the Presidency The Conservatives had held onto power in Nicaragua for 30 years, but their grip was beginning to loosen. President Roberto Sacasa (in office 1889-1893) saw his party splinter when former President Joaquà ­n Zavala led an internal revolt: the result was three different Conservative presidents at different times in 1893. With the Conservatives in disarray, the Liberals were able to seize power with the assistance of the military. Forty-year-old Josà © Santos Zelaya was the Liberals’ choice for President. Annex of the Mosquito Coast Nicaragua’s Caribbean coast had long been a bone of contention between Nicaragua, Great Britain, the United States and the Miskito Indians who made their home there (and who gave the place its name). Great Britain declared the area a protectorate, hoping eventually to establish a colony there and perhaps construct a canal to the Pacific. Nicaragua has always claimed the area, however, and Zelaya sent forces to occupy and annex it in 1894, naming it the Province of Zelaya. Great Britain decided to let it go, and although the US sent some Marines to occupy the city of Bluefields for a while, they, too, retreated. Corruption Zelaya proved to be a despotic ruler. He drove his Conservative opponents into ruin and even ordered some of them arrested, tortured and killed. He turned his back on his liberal supporters, instead surrounding himself with like-minded crooks. Together, they sold concessions to foreign interests and kept the money, siphoned off of lucrative state monopolies, and increased tolls and taxes. Progress It wasn’t all bad for Nicaragua under Zelaya. He built new schools and improved education by providing books and materials and raising teacher salaries. He was a big believer in transportation and communication, and new railroads were built. Steamers carried goods across the lakes, coffee production boomed, and the country prospered, especially those individuals with connections to President Zelaya. He also built up the national capital at neutral Managua, leading to a decrease in the feuding between traditional powers Leà ³n and Granada. Central American Union Zelaya had a vision of a united Central America- with himself as President, of course. To this end, he started stirring up unrest in neighboring countries. In 1906, he invaded Guatemala, allied with El Salvador and Costa Rica. He supported a rebellion against the government of Honduras, and when that failed, he sent the Nicaraguan army into Honduras. Together with the El Salvadoran Army, they were able to defeat the Hondurans and occupy Tegucigalpa. The Washington Conference of 1907 This prompted Mexico and the United States to call for the Washington Conference of 1907, at which a legal body called the Central American Court was created to solve disputes in Central America. The small countries of the region signed an agreement not to meddle in one another’s affairs. Zelaya signed but did not stop trying to stir up rebellions in neighboring countries. Rebellion By 1909 Zelaya’s enemies had multiplied. The United States considered him an impediment to their interests, and he was despised by Liberals as well as Conservatives in Nicaragua. In October, Liberal General Juan Estrada declared a rebellion. The United States, which had been keeping some warships close to Nicaragua, quickly moved to support it. When two Americans who were among the rebels were captured and killed, the US broke off diplomatic relations and once again sent Marines into Bluefields, ostensibly to protect US investments. Exile and Legacy of Josà © Santos Zelaya Zelaya, no fool, could see the writing on the wall. He left Nicaragua in December of 1909, leaving the treasury empty and the nation in shambles. Nicaragua had much foreign debt, most of it to European nations and Washington sent experienced diplomat Thomas C. Dawson to sort things out. Eventually, the Liberals and Conservatives returned to bickering, and the US occupied Nicaragua in 1912, making it a protectorate in 1916. As for Zelaya, he spent time in exile in Mexico, Spain, and even New York, where he was briefly jailed for his role in the deaths of the two Americans in 1909. He died in 1919. Zelaya left a mixed legacy in his nation. Long after the mess he had left had been cleared up, the good remained: the schools, the transportation, the coffee plantations, etc. Even though most Nicaraguans hated him in 1909, by the late twentieth-century opinion of him had improved enough for his likeness to be featured on Nicaragua’s 20 Cordoba note. His defiance of the United States and Great Britain over the Mosquito Coast in 1894 contributed greatly to his legend, and it is this act which is still remembered most about him today. Memories of his dictatorship have also faded due to subsequent strongmen taking over Nicaragua, such as Anastasio Somoza Garcà ­a. In many ways, he was a precursor to the corrupt men that followed him into the President’s chair, but their malfeasance eventually overshadowed his. Sources: Foster, Lynn V. New York: Checkmark Books, 2007. Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.

Men & Women viewed differently Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Men & Women viewed differently - Essay Example You lookin' good in them shorts but they look better on the floo'1. It took me about three or four attempts to get the lyrics down, because partly it was heavy slang but part of it was, it was hard for me to believe that what was being said was actually being said. I thought to myself, well, it is a prostitute obviously to whom these lyrics are being addressed to, so perhaps there is some justification there. But in order to be fair to this project. I decided to get the country music video to view as well. I thought perhaps to be fair to the project, I should get a country music video which had a depiction of prostitute, but unfortunately I was not able to get any. I was able to get a Music Video by Shania Twain called "Any Man of mine". I must say if I was expecting a toned down conservative video where there is just singing interspersed with romance, I certainly did not get that. The music video was extremely sensual. The lyrics were most interesting. "This is what a woman wants ,A ny man of mine better be proud of me Even when I'm ugly he still better love me And I can be late for a date that's fine But he better be on time Any man of mine'll say it fits just right When last year's dress is just a little too tight And anything I do or say better be okay When I have a bad hair day And if I change my mind A million times I wanna hear him say Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah I like it that way"2 . I thought to myself, if more men followed this advice they would not have a problem with relationships at all. However this was a music video. The sensual depiction of Shania Twain, dancing in her famed midriff did not suggest that she was dancing for just her guy. However it was interesting the contrast the implied usage of ugly. Now in Nelly's music video, the women were fairly decent looking and Shania is also very beautiful. But in the Hip Hop video, it was Ok to be treated badly, because you were ugly, while in the Country music Video. It did not matter if you were ha ving a bad hair day or did not look as pretty or cook as good; you were going to be treated like a princess. The difference between depiction of Woman in Country videos and Hip Hop Music videos was of a very deep nature. Now the Country music video also had a very sensual depiction of a woman. But this was a woman in control of her sensuality. There is here a woman's right to sexual self determination.3 There is no doubt in anybody watching this video that the person in this music video is somebody who is proud to be a woman and considers her sexuality an integral part of her. On the other hand, watching the Hip Hop videos, I did not get that feeling. It almost looked like that the women's appearance and existence on the video depended on what men thought of them. Even if the Women were insulted and apparently portrayed in what I would consider very demeaning. I thought I might do some research in who these women were who were in this video. It turns out most of these women in these videos are general junior artistes who are very often unpaid4. Now I would imagine if you were to be insulted and depicted so badly, you at least would want to be compensated for that. There is no question that a person watching Shania Twain's music video would have some difficulty of male responsibility and monogamy with her sensual

Leonardo da Vinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leonardo da Vinci - Research Paper Example dia Britannica. 2011). His unlimited desire for knowledge drove him beyond painting. Powered by his superb intellect, keen sense of observation, and mastery of the art of drawing, he studied nature; a line of inquiry that allowed him to pursue dual art and science (Capra 2007). Life of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was born of the illegitimate relationship of a Florentine notary and landlord, Ser Piero, and a young peasant woman, Caterina (Bortolon 1967). That notwithstanding, Leonardo da Vinci, enjoyed the privileges of a legitimate son and grew up in his father’s estate and received the usual elementary education of those days: reading, writing, and arithmetic (Bortolon 1967). He did not exhibit any particular aptitude for Latin, the key language of traditional learning, and higher mathematic until later in his life. Due to his artistic inclination, which appeared early in life, he father apprenticed him to the renowned artist Andrea Del Verrocchio (Bortolon 1967). He received a multifaceted training that included painting and sculpture as well as the technical-mechanical arts in Andrea Del Verrocchio’s workshop. ... In 1482, Leonardo abandoned two painting projects, The Adoration of the Magi for the monastery of San Donato and an alter painting for the St Bernard Chapel, in Florence and moved to work for the duke of Milan, Duke Ludovico Sforza (Encyclop?dia Britannica. 2011). The prevailing strict academic atmosphere in Milan as well as the duke’s brilliant court and the meaningful project may have enticed him to Milan. Indeed, the 17 years spent in Milan were fruitful. He was highly esteemed as a painter and a sculptor. He completed six works in Milan among which was the famous painting, The Last Supper. He also had an extensive workshop in Milan where he had several apprentices. In addition, he served as a technical adviser in the fields of architecture, fortifications, and military matters, and he served as a hydraulic and mechanical engineer (Capra 2007). Following the victorious entry of the French into Milan, Leonardo left the city probably December 1499 or January 1500. He visited Mantua and Venice before returning to Florence. Upon arrival in Florence, he was accorded a reception deserving of a renowned son. Leonardo devoted his stay in Florence to intensive scientific study (Capra 2007). That notwithstanding, he was still involved in painting. It was during this period, 1503 – 1506, that he painted Mona Lisa (Vezzosi 1997). Upon the invitation of the French governor in Milan, Charles d’ Amboise, Leonardo returned to Milan in May 1506. During his second stay in Milan, he did little work as a painter; rather, he worked as adviser in architectural matters. His scientific activities reached their zenith during this time. The expulsion of the French from Milan in 1513 led Leonardo

Child Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child Abuse - Research Paper Example Children are a blessing from God and deserve love just like anyone else. However, in the recent past many researches have indicated that several children are being abused. This should come as a bad news especially in this 21st Century where the youth form a large percentage of the population. According to some researchers like Besharov et al (2001), there are many cases which go unreported, uninterrupted or misreported. According to stop it now (www.stopitnow.org) a world organization that prevents child abuse, reports that a third of girls and nearly 1 in seven boys experiences sexual abuse while statistics suggest from research suggest that only 12% to 30% of the cases are reported. Families mostly deny child abuse within their homes. In one of the cases reported in stop it now, one woman had been sexually abused by his brother but she kept quiet for fear of being killed, after sensing that her niece will fall in the same trap she finally reported the matter to their family but the family did not believe her and so nobody took action on that case. Most powerful people go unreported if they are found abusing children because people find it hard to talk bad things about them. Since nearly all states passed the mandatory laws requiring any suspected child abuse to be repor ted, child abuse cases has been on the rise. This result in many cases being reported which are baseless (Besharov et al., 2001). Melissa (2009), says that child abuse can be considered to be any act that causes physical body injury, psychological or emotional torture. These acts causes suffering to the child and sometimes may be harmful enough and eventually may lead to death or permanent damage of victims.

Comparing Politics In The Us And Saudi Arabia Politics Essay

Comparing Politics In The Us And Saudi Arabia Politics Essay A political system is the system of the government and usually the government works to develop their political system. In most countries, the political system has some weaknesses and strengths points because nothing can be perfect also; it has some similarities and differences between countries to other country. Countries success depends on the political system because the political system is significant to development the country. United States is one of greatest countries on the earth because it has superior political system. Although Saudi Arabia does not compare with success of United States, they are attempting to be more achievement in the world. The political systems of United States and Saudi Arabia have some similarities and differences. United states and Saudi Arabia have a competent authority to discuses and give the rules for the country. In United States, the Congress has the power to formulate the rule. The Congress decides the rule to be appropriate for the government and they decide to improve their country to be more powerful and successful. For instance, after the war between United States and Vietnam, the Congress decided to stop the conscription because it did not help the country. The Congress put the rules appropriate for society because United States is multicultural and multi-religions country. The religion sometime against some rules but the Congress decides to be away of problems. In Saudi Arabia, Majles Alshora has the right to make the rules. Majles Alshora decides the rules suitable with Islamic religion. For example, Saudi Arabia has capital punishment because it is part of Islamic religion also, everything is close at the pray times accept hospitals and clinics so it is close five times a day. M ajles Alshora makes the rules suitable for society but it has to be compatible with Islamic religion. For instance, they have free education and they give students wages to encourage them to study because the knowledge is part of Islamic religion. In conclusion, the rules in United States and Saudi Arabia have the same way to decide it. The foreign relations of United States and Saudi Arabia are similar to each other because, they have diplomatic relations with most countries. United States has diplomatic relations with most countries and it has problems with some countries in the Middle East so, United States has perfect relations with most countries with the exception of Middle East. For instance, it has great relation with United Kingdom, France, Israel and Saudi Arabia. However, United States is fighting the terrorism especially in the Middle East so, United States has some war in the Middle East. For instance, it has war with Iraq because they said Iraq was terrorist country also, it has war in Afghanistan because they are fighting Al-Qaida and many countries help them to end the terrorist in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia has diplomatic relations with most countries also; it has problems with some countries in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia has a political relation with most European, Asian, African and American countries so; they have political relation with most countries because Saudi Arabia has petrol and every country needs the petrol because it is the main energy source in the world. However, Saudi Arabia has some problems with some countries in the Middle East such as Iran and Israel because, Iran helps the terrorist people in Saudi Arabia and there is a religion problem with Israel. In conclusion, United States and Saudi Arabia have the same foreign relations because the political relations with most countries accept in the Middle East. In spite of these similarities, these two Countries have some differences. The leadership in United States and Saudi Arabia has huge differences because United States has presidential system and Saudi Arabia has a monarchy system. The president of United States is the chief of States and government and has the highest political official by influence and recognition the United States. People have the right to vote for their president in United States because this is United States policy. Every four years the citizen vote for president. The president should lead the country for four years or eight years. For instance, the citizen in United States voted for George W. Bush before he leaded the country for four years and, when his four years has finished, the citizen voted for him again however, he cannot be president of United States because he was president for eight years. But on the other hand, Saudi Arabia has totally different leadership system because Saudi Arabia has monarchy system. Saudi Arabia has royal family and the king has to be from the royal fam ily of Saudi Arabia. The first king of Saudi Arabia was king Abdul-Aziz bin Abdurrahman because he was the Saudi Arabias founder. Before he died, he established his son Saud to be the king Of Saudi Arabia. The king leads the country until he dies and the royal family chooses one to lead the country. For instance, King Fahad bin Abdul-Aziz had been the king of Saudi Arabia for twenty three years until he died after that the royal family had chosen his brother Abdulla to be king and he is the king of Saudi Arabia until now. In short, There are quite differences between Unites States and Saudi Arabia in the leadership because, the system in United States is presidential and kingdom in Saudi Arabia. The other different between the political system of United States and Saudi Arabia is the economy. United States and Saudi Arabia have the larger economy in the world but they have differences in the economic system. United States has a capitalist mixed economy so; United States economy depends on industrial. United States has many of largest company in many things in the world such as vehicles manufacturing, computer companies and aircrafts factories. However, The companies have been dropping since the last global financial crises that affected most countries and companies. For instance, General Motors is one of greatest companies and it is Americans company also the government supports it but it affected by the last global financial crises. United States encourages the population to have their own business to increase the United States economy because economic of the country depends on the public business. But on the other hand, Saudi Arabia has an Islamic economy system so the Isl amic economy system is what written in the Quran and also Saudi Arabias economy depends on petrol. The economy of Saudi Arabia is one of the greatest countries because of the petrol moreover Petrol is abundantly in Saudi Arabia. Although the last global financial crises had affected most countries, Saudi Arabia had made outrageous profit because the price of oil had reached into the highest level. Saudi Arabia exports the petrol to many countries on the world because it exports more than eight millions barrel per a day. In conclusion, some countries have differences in economic system and United States and Saudi Arabia are one of these countries. The political system of United States and Saudi Arabia: different, yet alike. Although the two countries differ in many parts such as diverse in the economic system and command system adopted various between them. In addition, the difference assist to have some similarities because there are no countries has entirely different. However, there are some similarities between United States and Saudi Arabia in many parts at the political system for example the two countries has the same foreign relation specially in the Middle East and the most important resemblance is the competent authority to establish the rules.

Computers in Education :: Teaching Education Essays

Computers in Education The computer has influenced education in a very positive way. There are now an estimated ten million computers in schools around the country. Computers equally benefit both the teacher and students. The computer allows for faster, neater, and more creative assignments. Tools such as the Internet, Excel, Word, and Access allow students to easier research and prepare papers. Computers are very helpful to teachers. Many teachers can take advantage of the computers in their classroom or at home by entering grades and allowing the computer to compute them. Entering the grades can be very simple and fast. Allowing the computer to compute the grades saves time from manually computing them. The teacher can also set up attendance on the computer. This is a quick and effective way to see who has missed class, or has been tardy. All this only requires the right type of software, and very little time. Educational software can also help a teacher out. If a student is having trouble with a particular Math, English or Science strategy, a teacher can setup the program to help teach the student. This is helpful because the teacher can continue teaching the rest of the class, but also know that the other child is being helped. The computer allows for a new creative way of teaching, one that can keep the students interested. Many students today rely on the computer for homework assignments. This can range from typing a paper to finding a book on the Internet. Many homework assignments for high school and college students must be typed. Some assignments may also require charts or tables. The computer can suggest different phrases or words to make the paper sound better, use spell check, and allow the document to be saved. This also helps a teacher because the papers are much neater, making them easier to read. It is very beneficial to the student because information can be found and processed a lot faster. If a student is trying to find a book, just typing in a few words can locate the book much faster then looking through a card catalog. These are little things that save the student and teacher time. With all the time that is saved, the more learning can take place.

Care Support Essay

Effective reflection on relationships that develop in care work Mary is an 82 year old female resident who came to live in our nursing home five years ago she has a mild cognitive impairment and is totally independent she wears an incontinence pad and requires minimum assistance. Mary loves to sing and listen to music especially Irish traditional music and popular ballads. She remains in close contact with her two daughters who visit regularly. Mary is a very private person and likes to spend time alone in her room. She is a very jolly lady who loves to laugh and enjoys life. As a care assistant I had assisted Mary with her continence needs by making her aware of where to find continence pads in the bathrooms around the home and making sure they were always available in her bedroom this protects her privacy, dignity and independence as I know it would cause her embarrassment to have to ask for them. We got on really well because we both have a love of Irish music and I spent a lot of time talking with her about music, her family and her reasons for coming to live with us in the nursing home. I also developed a trusting relationship with her daughters as Mary would often include me in conversation when they visited. I had noticed a change in Mary where she was spending a lot of time in the bathroom and she seemed agitated when in the day room I approached her and asked if she wanted to go for a walk outside as we have done on several occasions. She agreed and we set off. ecause of the trusting relationship we had built over time I felt comfortable asking her if she was ok and she replied â€Å"yes love shure ya have ta have a laugh† I deviated a little with some talk about the gardens we were passing and I approached the subject again by saying if there was anything wrong you can tell me, and if I can help you I will, you only have to ask, she replied with â€Å"I don’t want to be a bother to anyone† I told her I noticed she was going to the bathroom a lot, there was silence for what seemed forever then she told me â€Å"I have a stinging pains down below† I knew straight away it was thrush as I had observed from her care plan she was prone to thrush. I asked her permission to talk to the nurse and explained it would require medical treatment and she agreed. Asking her permission protected her confidentially, when we returned to the home I approached the nurse and told her of the situation she acted immediately, knowing Mary was prone to thrush she kept a supply of ointment to treat her, I went back to Mary and asked her to come with me very discretely so as not to draw the attention of other residents or visitors this protected her privacy, dignity and confidentially . I escorted her to the nurses’ station and the nurse took over. Within a few hours Mary was back to her normal jolly self singing in the corner. The positive outcome for Mary during this incident happened because of the relationship we had built over time and getting to know her, being able to observe a change in her behaviour. The situation was handled with just me and the nurse on duty no other members of staff were involved this protects Mary’s privacy and dignity. Clear identification of interpersonal issues that can arise in care work The interpersonal issues in this situation were between Mary myself and the nurse and no other staff, resident or visitors were aware of Mary’s situation this protected Mary’s privacy, dignity confidentially and respect. Interpersonal issues between me and other healthcare staff occurred through informing them of what had happened and how the situation was handled. What was observed during this incident was that building relationships with residents allow us to be more effective as care assistants. The types of communication used during this incident were mainly verbal, communicating with Mary in a very discrete and respectful manner put her at ease, and communicating with other healthcare staff to inform them of the incident and how best to handle it should it happen again. The outcome for Mary was she got the treatment she needed in a timely manner, it highlighted to senior healthcare staff the importance of the care assistant in relationship building and observation, reporting our findings to the nurse to get the best healthcare for the resident. Effective reflection on own interpersonal skills as a care worker Interpersonal skills used in this incident were respect and confidentially taking Mary out for a walk and chatting allowed me to discover what was bothering her by doing this it did not draw the attention of any other resident to her situation. Informing the nurse and other relevant healthcare staff will allow them to handle any other similar situation in a discrete manner thus protecting her privacy, dignity confidentially and independence. Comprehensive observation of the process of developing personal effectiveness as a healthcare assistant In this situation I was able to help Mary because I noticed a change in her behaviour, I believe in order to give person centred care you must know your residents, individualised care is an on-going process, building a trusting relationship with knowledge of life history, likes/dislikes, religious and cultural influences are vital in the implementation of individualised care. Knowledge gained in class helped raise awareness of how important it is to protect residents dignity, respect, confidentially and independence. We learnt about the art of reflection, looking at an incident, what happened? How we handled it and how can we improve to achieve a positive outcome for the person involved. Knowledge gained in class has helped me gain skills in awareness. observing how residents behave and being aware of changes are important tools for personal effectiveness, reflection is also a vital tool for personal effectiveness looking back at a situation and analysing what happened and how it was dealt with is very effective it allows us question ourselves and ask how can we have handled the incident better and put a plan into action to bring a positive outcome for the resident involved. Personal skills helped significantly in this situation, skills such as building relationships, empathy, observation and the ability to communicate effectively with residents and other healthcare staff helped me bring about a positive outcome for Mary. As a carer there are many skills that can be developed such as communication, the ability to communicate with all healthcare staff regardless of their discipline is important, and knowledge gained through dialog with residents and their relative’s is invaluable, knowing a little about residents will allow us to care more effectively completing level 5 in healthcare support has been invaluable although we care for people every day, having knowledge and the theory behind it is important and will make for better care. Detailed evidence of expertise in a range of interpersonal care work skills I don’t know if I have â€Å"expertise† in any care work skills but I think I am good at what I do, knowledge is a wonderful thing and as our knowledge increases we become confident, and self-confidence is a great tool to have in care work, having the confidence to talk to other healthcare staff in a professional manner enables us to gain the best possible care for our residents, what I gained from this situation was respect for fellow healthcare staff who listened to what I said and acted on the information. I don’t know if I could put an action plan in place for this scenario but what I can say is that it is vital that all healthcare assistants observe all residents and become familiar with their daily routine this gives us the opportunity to note any changes and report these findings to relevant staff. Some of the skills used to deal with this situation were gained through life experience, being a father of 4 I have brought with me patience, understanding, and empathy to name but a few but the course has given me the ability to analyse my thinking to look at how I have worked today and how can I improve tomorrow. Conclusion All healthcare staff from consultants to healthcare assistants must give the best possible care to patents/residents, we are privileged in our role in healthcare and everything we do must be in the best interest of the patent/resident. Being a part of that team and being respected for the role we play is very important. Nurses are put under increasing pressure with medication rounds, paperwork, supervision etc. they can’t be everywhere or know what is happening with every resident so we as healthcare assistants become the eyes and ears of the facility, observing changes and reporting in a timely manner to gain a positive outcome for the resident involved. Being heard as part of the team will make for a more effective workplace.

Phineas Gage Essay

Perhaps one of the most well known cases in cognitive psychology is that of Phineas Gage. A man who suffered from an injury to his prefrontal lobes thirty years before the field of Psychology even began (Moulin, 2006). However, psychologists’ continue to study his brain and the effects of his injury and its role in cognitive functions years later. Phineas Gage was a foreman at a railroad who suffered damage to his prefrontal lobes as a result of an accidental explosion in the year 1848. This explosion caused an iron bar about a meter long to be launched completely through Gage’s head and supposedly land about nine meters away. As a result of this accident Gage suffered severe brain damage to his prefrontal lobes, with the left side being almost completely destroyed (Moulin, 2006). There is not documentation of what Gage’s personality was like before the accident and few reports of the changes after the incident, many believed to be exaggerated. Two of the reports that do exist regarding Gage are written by John Martyn Harlow. Harlow was the physician who treated Gage and followed his case (â€Å"III. The Damage to Gage’s Skull and Brain†, 2002). Following his recovery of the accident there were no reports of apparent loss of interllectial function, yet his personality changed drastically. In fact Gage behaved so different that he while he went back to work for the railroad he never was given his job back as foreman (â€Å"II. The Sequelae of the accident, 1848-1868,† 2002). In fact, when asked his friends and acquaintances said he was â€Å"no longer Gage† (Moulin, 2006). Gage lived about eleven years after his accident before dying in 1860 which left people in the medical field curious about him and his condition (Moulin, 2006). In fact the changes in his behavior that were described was the first time that it was revealed that complex functions might be located in the brain. During the time and the immediate time after Gage lived there is not much medical documentation. Therefore it was years later when the exact parts of Gage’s brain that were damaged due to the iron bar were determined (â€Å"II. The sequelae of the accident, 1848-1868,† 2002). When Harlow learned of the passing of Gage, he sought out and received permission from his family to have the body exhumated in December of 1867 (â€Å"II. The sequelae of the accident, 1848-1868,† 2002). He did so in order to study the brain and learn from the injury of the skull and the result that the damages had on Gage’s personality. From the study he was able to determine that Gage suffered damage to three locations; the area under the zygomatic arch, the base of the skull where the iron rod had entered behind the eye, and at the top of the head where the iron rod emerged (â€Å"III. The damage to Gage’s Skull and Brain†, 2002). After studies of Gage’s skull where complete, psychologists’ have been able to take the measurements from the skull and use modern technology to determine the approximate location of the legion. Damage was caused to both the left and right prefrontal cortices in a pattern that caused a defect in rational decision making and the processing of emotion (Damasio, 1994). Studies that have been done since the case of Gage have determined that higher cognitive functions take place in the prefrontal lobes. Some of these functions include working memory, mental imagery, and willed actions that are associated with consciousness (Frith & Dolan, 1998). Psychologists’ have been able to learn from this famous case of Phineas Gage. A man who took no part in experiments and whose injuries were sustained thirty years before the start of Psychology. From this case it has been determined that cognitive functions that can become impaired by prefrontal brain damage are abilities like planning, reasoning, and problem solving. It has also been shown that frontal lobe damage can affect a person’s memory in a subtle manner. While there can be no apparent loss of intellectual function as a result of prefrontal brain lesions it is can still be tragic to the lives of those involved (Gerhand, 1999).